The cells communicate with their environment and among themselves that help them to adapt to a particular environment, sense a danger and respond to a signal. Signal transduction is the process of sensing and processing the signal internally that ultimately results in change in gene expression. The following are the Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs): CLO1: Gain knowledge of the major classes of signalling molecules, their receptors and intracellular signalling pathways. CLO2: Understand the various signaling mechanisms operating in normal and disease conditions CLO3: Learn about various techniques to study the signaling mechanism CLO4: Describe how different posttranslational modifications regulate protein function and activity. CLO5: Demonstrate the connection between cellular signal pathways and medical phenomena, using examples CLO6: Gain k